Walgreens structure

Walgreen has faced over the past two years are changing their brand and the process needed to make that change. We can see that Walgreen has made some good decisions over the years . This is evident by the fact that there are still many Walgreen stores across the country and they are continuing to build new ones every year. If we take a look into how they made such crucial decisions we will find them using good decision making techniques such as predetermination's evidence, and good old fashioned Intuition.The first element we can find within Walgreen decision making process Is rainstorm. We can see that before changing the brand from old to new the mangers In the higher ranks of the corporation all got together and started throwing out Ideas. They did some research and based upon fact they made educated guesses on what may work and what probably would not work. The managers of Walgreen TLD a fantastic Job with their research and brainstorming. Walgreen wanted to stand out among thei r competition so In order to do that they had to know what the competitor was doing.It seemed the competitor was not much different from Walgreen. This is where we see the brainstorming really become effective. The managers began to come up with ideas on how to make the stores an experience instead of just a cash and carry drugstore. They really used the tools of good decision making to begin the process of changing the brand for good. Second we can look at the gathering of evidence. Walgreen knew if they were to be different then they had to study their competition. The head honchos did their homework well.They gathered information from research and surveys and listened to the customer needs. They not only listened they decided to take a chance and build their new brand on the customer experience. Now we have seen a company go from a rational model of decision making and step into the new age. They admitted that old manager models were out dated and they were ready to step into a f resh new approach. It is interesting that we see them heading into a very modern direction but using old fashioned decision making techniques to arrive there.Walgreen management team took their job seriously by making sure they followed through with pouring over statistics and studying successful companies with different brands than their own to see what was giving them the success. They decided that it Just had to be the customer service levels and the approach. Surprisingly enough we can also see the big bosses at Walgreen using their Intuition to make the final decision on whether to change the brand or not. They are customers at other places and they take their family and friends out to eat and do different things.When out and about they kept track of what businesses were full and why. If they went out to eat and there was a two hour wait they would pay close attention to why. This process gave them the Intuition, or experience to know what or how a person wants to be treated wh en they are spending their money with a company. They brought their Intuition to the drawing room and along with good brainstorming and gathering of evidence, the management staff of Walgreen was able to make a good business decision.We sometimes see ethics compromised when decisions are made and Walgreen is not a when they admittedly failed to control the sales of controlled substances in a few of its pharmacies. The effects of this could have ruined the company but lucky for them they were able to pay a hefty fine and shut the door on what could have been an ethical disaster for them. It seems the Federal government agreed to dismiss the ease when the fines were paid.

The Goals Of Management In Dealing With People Commerce Essay

Management trades with people, their thoughts and things related to them. In a simple signifier direction can be defined as the art of things acquiring done through people in groups organized officially [ 8 ] . Management is the procedure where groups of people are involved in public presentation of organized activities. In an organisation with a big figure of employees the procedure of direction directs the directors to execute some maps such as planning, staffing, commanding, forming and directing to acquire things done by others. Organizational behaviour can be used to better the direction patterns for act uponing the employees efficaciously and working with them. Management is the key to obtaining organisational effectivity. Organizational effectivity depends on run intoing the rapid altering demands of the organisation such as holding the right people for the right occupation and at the right clip. It helps understand the production and behavioural control in an organisation. The survey of organisational behaviour in an organisation has the undermentioned advantages: It helps to spread out the skyline of direction. It helps better the organisational public presentation in line with the single public presentation which include reward systems, leading, motive etc. , It helps develop committedness among the employees to accomplish their personal ends thereby accomplishing the ends of the company. It helps to understand, predict and command the behaviour in the organisation. There are legion factors that determine the successful public presentation in an organisation, but for our treatment we will see few of import factors which are as follows: Recruitment and Choice Training and development Reward through proper Performance Appraisal System Effective Communication Skills Developing Dedication by Motivating employees Besides, there are many factors that contribute to the altering nature of work at organisation, but the two chief factors are: Current market scenario requires organisations to be more competitory and client focused, hence there is an increased force per unit area on the organisation The discovery in IT and communicating is another factor. For illustration Mobile and cyberspace have made work to be separated from clip and infinite. Organizations have changed their focal point and their chief rules are: Specifying vision and values from the consumer ‘s position Making a value concatenation i.e. , specifying activities and procedure that add value to clients and associate them Remove activities that add no value to the organisation. Reducing inefficiencies in the undertakings in an organisation. These rules have added value to the organisation enabling them to react quickly to clients ‘ demands and back uping alteration and encouraging invention. I would besides be discoursing the assorted alterations in the nature of modern work environment relevant to the factors I ‘ve stated above. Recruitment and Selection [ 5 ] Recruitment is procedure in which a qualified and suited individual is selected for a occupation in a company. The enlisting procedure is the duty of the HR section and assorted methods are available for this procedure such as interviews, aptitude trial, questionnaires etc. , It is a forming stage and is the most hard stage for the directors. Let us see the enlisting and choice procedure at Tesco. There are different ways through which Tesco advertises its vacancies. It first advertises its vacancy internally through intranet for two hebdomads. This provides an chance for the current employees looking for a alteration at the same degree or for a publicity. Tesco advertises its vacancies on the web at www.tesco-careers.com for external enlisting. It besides displays vacancy boards on its shops. For managerial places the applications are made online. The appliers chosen will hold to first undergo an interview and for the concluding phase they will hold attending at the appraisal Centre. A waiting list of appliers is prepared by the shops and as the occupations become available campaigners are finalized. Specialist occupations as bakers and druggists are advertised externally through the undermentioned agencies: Through the web and offline media Through telecasting and wireless Through advertizements in newspapers and magazines. As many other companies Tesco besides looks frontward for cost- effectual manner of pulling appliers. Though advertisement on media and magazines is expensive but sometimes this becomes indispensable to pull suited people for the vacancy. Choice can be defines as choosing the most suited individual from the list of campaigners who have applied for the vacancy taking into consideration the Torahs and ordinances of employment. Screening is an of import portion of the choice procedure and ensures that the selected campaigners for the interview will be best suited for the occupation. There are different phases in the showing procedure. In the first phase, the pickers at Tesco look through the CV ‘s of the appliers as this briefs the campaigner ‘s instruction and occupation history. A CV helps to measure whether the campaigner meets the specification for the occupation. Screening is followed by the campaigner who attends the appraisal Centre. This procedure takes topographic point either in shop and are run by directors. The campaigners are assessed through assorted exercisings such as squad work and job resolution. This besides provides consistence in the choice procedure. In the modern work environment, the choice and enlisting procedure has become more sophisticated and elaborate to choose for the best cognition and accomplishments in the market. The figure of testing procedures that organisations hold to choose the right campaigners has increased and besides the type of trials have become more extremist in their attack. Trials such as psychological rating and emphasis interviews are a common pattern in today ‘s work environment.Training and DevelopmentTraining is really indispensable for the freshly recruited employees. It is besides really indispensable for the employees already employed so that their accomplishments are up to day of the month and in line with the latest tendencies and engineerings. Training is going an indispensable portion of every organisation these yearss. Employees are made to undergo developing plans in order to maximise their possible to run into organisation ends. Lashkar-e-taibas us consider Barclays for our instance survey here. Training is a really important undertaking for the Human Resource section at Barclays. The chief ground for this being the initiation plan helps employees understand the assorted policies and the construction of their occupations. This will besides give employees plenty clip to set themselves to the environment in the organisation together with bring oning new thoughts and accomplishments in the employees. Training is the most hard and ambitious portion in the organisation as it is a uninterrupted procedure where the trainer moving as a alteration agent makes trainees acquire familiar with the new organisation. The followers are the chief preparation purposes at Barclay: It helps to increase the degree of assurance and motive in employees It creates a feeling of accomplishment and personal satisfaction Improves the quality of staff and improves their accomplishments. The above are the conducive factors that the aid the HR achieve their end of doing the employees feel a portion of the organisation. Choosing a suited a trainer is a really ambitious issue as he a jobber between the employees and the organisation. The trainer has the undermentioned duties. The trainer must measure the demand for developing the person and put up a preparation plan for the employee in order to make the ultimate end of the organisation. He must plan the preparation plan. The most of import undertaking at Barclays Plc is group engagement. Hence the chief purpose of the trainer would be to promote this undertaking. The trainer acts as a courier between the employees and the direction. The trainer must do certain that the freshly learned accomplishments are being practically applied. He will make up one's mind the demand for farther preparation on the footing of the current public presentation assessment. In the modern work environment employees are keener on maintaining themselves in touch with the latest technological development. They ever pick up accomplishments and heighten their cognition quotient so as to confront the turning competition in the current work environment. Therefore using preparation and development strategies would be easier and would better the overall quality of the work force.Performance Appraisal and Reward SystemPerformance assessment is a procedure where public presentation of an employee is assessed in footings of expected ends set for them. On the footing of public presentation appraisal the company decides publicities, expirations, the degree of supervising and the responsibilities and duties to be assigned to the employees. During the stage of public presentation appraisal the existent public presentation of the employees is assessed and evaluated. The HRM is responsible for the public presentation assessment and it is its responsibility to go through t he information accurately and impartially to the direction so that necessary and future disciplinary steps can be taken. The HRM faces the undermentioned issues during public presentation assessment: Recognition and designation of an employee ‘s strengths and failings. This will assist to use the strengths more efficaciously and the necessary stairss to be taken to get the better of the persons failing. In certain instances employees should be given full attempt, therefore the HRM should place the jobs which are doing this. This besides provides information needed for HR planning and act as an input to the HR section. This acts as a footing to do determinations such as schemes and future long term aims. It is the responsibility of the human resource direction to make a method of public presentation assessment and system of wages. The method created should be in line with the aims of preparation and development plan. Defined criterions should be set to mensurate public presentation. The HRM should make up one's mind who will be utilizing the assessment method and appraised by the method created. The HRM should garner feedback from the employees about the assessment method created, this will move as beginning of hiking the employees morale. This will assist the employees assess their strengths and failing. This will further promote the employees to make better to acquire a wages from the organisation. Employees in the organisation attempt to make undertakings that will non alone acquire them wagess in the signifier of fillips and inducements but acknowledgment in signifier of certifications and decorations and besides assessment for making something new and advanced. This will assist actuate the employees. In the instance of Barclays the wages system is really of import as this will assist act upon the employees to make something better and advanced. The wages system finally acts as a motivational factor for growing in future and is non an easy undertaking. As this depends on the duty and the type of occupation being done. [ 7 ] If the public presentation direction system is handled carefully and decently, leads to outstanding public presentation by employees and increases the degree of motive diminishing the absenteeism deficiency of morale of employees. Performance assessment and wages strategies are critical in today ‘s work environment because employees today are more influenced by the corporate life style and are ever in the sentinel for better occupation chances and hiked wages. Therefore it is indispensable for organisations to maintain their employees loyal towards them, and the easiest and most effectual manner of making it is public presentation assessment and wages strategies.Effective Communication SkillsEffective communicating is nil but an art of conveying our message clearly to other people. It involves a batch of attempt for effectual communicating as any mistake or deformation will ensue in misunderstanding of message. Lack of effectual communicating may ensue in deficiency of information, misinterpretations, employee public presentation may diminish which may finally impact the company ‘s turnover. Ineffective communicating may go a beginning of struggle and thwart the employees. The director ‘s ina bility to pass on efficaciously may take to the inability of employee non executing good as per the company demands. This happens when the employee is non cognizant of what is requested of him and finally leads employee dissatisfaction. Effective communicating has its ain benefits in the workplace. Effective communicating from directors to employees will ensue in the employees making their occupation good. A good direction manner together with a positive communicating attack will be rather effectual in the workplace and will take to better understanding between the employee and director. For an organisation to be successful communicating should go on both internally and externally. Internal communicating: between direction and employees. External communicating: this takes topographic point between staff and clients. Let us see Vodafone as a instance survey to exemplify the effectual communicating accomplishments [ 3 ] Internal Communication [ 2 ] : this takes topographic point inside the organisation between the employees and direction. Here the employees act as stakeholders. This communicating may take topographic point in any of the signifiers listed below: Vertically: this the top down attack which happens from the senior employees to juniors associates. The ultimate end here is to better the public presentation of undertakings and do the junior employees understand the company ‘s precedences and demands. Horizontally: this takes topographic points between assorted squads and across sections. The end here is to do certain functions are efficaciously carried out and undertakings completed. Intranet with restricted entree to people within the concern is a great tool for advancing better communicating. External communicating [ 1 ] : this takes topographic point with clients. Vodafone has laid a rule for communicating as â€Å" We will pass on openly and transparently with all of our stakeholders within the bounds of commercial confidentiality † . Vodafone believes that this will cut down the barriers to communicating. It makes certain that its messages are conveyed both verbally and not verbally. For verbal communicating the company has set contact centres so that the staff can be in direct contact with the clients and farther giving an chance for its staff to speak to the clients about the issues. Non verbal communicating can take topographic point through assorted methods such as advertizements in telecasting, newspapers and other media, the Vodafone logo. This besides acts as a method of finding the place of the trade name. Further methods of non verbal communicating include SMS to reach certain clients. Gross saless information can be reached out to clients through literature in the Vodafone stores. The many signifiers of communicating through which Vodafone reaches out to its clients are as below: Promotion and gross revenues material- Vodafone makes certain that the advertisement stuff is right and follows its Business rules. This besides helps the information reaches out responsibly to its stakeholders together with advancing its merchandises and services. Awareness and Information: Vodafone promoted the usage of nomadic phones responsibly in the autos. It took the complex stuff and translated the information in easy to understand signifier and made the public aware of the new jurisprudence and appropriate usage of phones in the auto. Explanation and counsel: nomadic phones have wellness effects on human existences. But the latest scientific research has something new and Vodafone needs to convey these findings clearly to the clients. Communication in today ‘s work environment is non merely of import as a agency of better procedure flow but besides as a agency to convey all the employees together as a individual unit. This is truly good when the employees have to work in a squad environment. In today ‘s work environment, employees have entree to societal web web sites which are capable to increase the bond between employees and better their attempt as a squad.Motivation to give EmployeesA good motivated staff is a key to a productive and pleasant environment in a workplace. Motivating the employees must be one of the cardinal duties of a director. An effectual direction and leading reflect through effectual motive of employees in the workplace. Understanding the human nature is a cardinal to effectual employee motive. The key to public presentation betterment in an organisation is motive. Motivation is really indispensable for any concern to last and stand out. Motivation is a accomplishment and must be learnt. Performance can be defined as a map of ability and motive as below Job performance= map ( ability ) ( motive ) Ability depends on instruction and preparation. Motivation has the undermentioned seven schemes through which it can be initiated: Fair intervention of people Positive and high outlooks Discipline Satisfying the demands of the employees Puting ends at work To reconstitute the occupations Set wagess and acknowledgment for public presentation Every organisation has its ain ways to actuate the employees to guarantee that ends and marks are reached [ 4 ] . Motivation plays a critical function in today ‘s work environment. Due to the cut-throat competition between organisations, it can be seen as a common pattern for organisations to engage their challenger ‘s best work force. So as to avoid that, employees need to be motivated non merely in footings of their inducements and salary bundles for their physical demands, but besides with congratulations and acknowledgment and better work environment to ease their psychological demands.Obstacles to Effective PerformanceThe chief obstructions to effectual public presentation in an organisation are as follows: Culture Change ConflictCultureCulture is related to beliefs, values and customary ways of making things. The chief ground for employees go forthing the company is cultural mismatch. Harmonizing to the present civilization employees are required to hold a clear apprehension of short term and long term ends. The employees are required to hold a shared vision and values every bit good as being productive and motivated. The organisational civilization is determined by the leading manner and patterns in an organisation and hence dramas an of import function particularly during acquisitions and amalgamations. Every organisation has a set of values and beliefs. When an employee is exposed to a new civilization, the person goes through a province known as civilization daze. When the companies merge the employees from the non dominant company demand to accommodate themselves to the new civilization of the dominant company. Let us see Barclay Plc for case. Barclay acquired Lehman Brothers and one of the major issues for Barclay after this acquisition is to take into consideration the two different civilizations in these two companies. Most of the employees of Lehman Brothers have left Barclay and a few did non fall in Barclay. This makes it clear that the employees are non ready to accommodate to the new values, leading manners, beliefs and patterns of the Barclay civilization. One of the biggest challenges to the direction at Barclay is to do employees accept the new civilization. The alteration in civilization finally has an consequence on the motive degree of the employees, their committedness to the organisation and their battle in work. Another effect of an acquisition is that the persons from the non dominant organisation will experience like loss of individuality and the others will hold a superior feeling. This will finally impact the company accomplish its ends and aims. Another major issue of civilization when the two organisations were merged is it will deviate the attending of the employees and do the less productive. The attending of employees will be diverted to issues such as occupation security, feeling of uncomfortableness working with new employees. Job security is the chief issue as there will be duplicate of sections and to pull off the staff, the organisation can cut down the work force. The occupation profiles may be redesigned which may hold an impact on the public presentation of the employees. The employee ‘s motive, attitude and public presentation are determined by the civilization. Motivation and civilization go manus in manus. More an employee is motivated ; the civilization will be healthier. The cardinal factor to be dealt in any organisation is motive. If an employee is non motivated decently so the employee will hold job accepting the new civilization which will impact the person ‘s ability to make the occupation efficaciously and expeditiously. The company should hold flexible civilization if a determination of acquisition is taken. This will let the new employees to set to the new civilization. Culture reflects the manner of direction and leading. A little alteration in the values, leading manner and thoughts will assist the new employees adjust to the new environment. This is non easy undertaking, but since Barclays has taken a determination of amalgamation it should be ready to see alterations in its civilization and leading manner.ChangeExcept for alteration nil is changeless in this universe. Every activity in an organisation consequences in some alteration. It can hold a positive or negative consequence depending on the communicating made through alteration. The acquisition of Barclay and Lehman Brothers bought together a immense alteration in both organisations. New schemes and policies, processs and work environment were created for work in both organisations. Change should affect people and non be imposed on people. Fixing the employees of an organisation for alteration is a really critical undertaking and it is the duty of the direction to make this. This can be done through assorted methods such as through unwritten communicating, via preparation plans or through guidance. The major ground for the Lehman employees go forthing Barclays when the two organisations were merged is that the alteration was non managed decently. The cardinal rules needed when be aftering to pull off alteration are as follows:Every individual reacts to alter otherwise.Each individual is different and has its ain perceptual experiences and penchants. A few people ever look frontward to alter and new things and it easy to manage them. But it is a really hard to manage people who ever like things the manner they were. These sort of people will see emphasis and dissatisfaction and negative attitude towards their opposite numbers penchants.Every individual has his ain demands and precedencesA few people work merely for money but a few for the ego and societal designation. Change can be managed efficaciously by planing occupations in a better manner through occupation redesign, occupation rotary motion direction etc.Pull offing outlooks realisticallyThe organisation should do clear to its employees that it can non do everyone happy at the same clip and this should be communicated efficaciously and realistically. The relation betwee n outlooks and world is really of import. The direction should make the undertakings listed below in order to pull off alteration efficaciously: The direction should animate people and put certain aims, ends and values for the organisation It should put up a communicating web such as face to confront interaction so that new thoughts and policies can be easy communicated. If there are any obstructions in the manner of communicating so those should be removed as this will assist people accept alteration. Change can be made inevitable by publicities, enlistings and wagess.ConflictsWhen Barclays merges with Lehman struggles were natural to originate as people from two different civilizations and two different companies were unifying. Get downing with little differences, struggles may make to higher degrees which will finally impact the organisation. Since the civilization of both organisations is different each will hold its ain thoughts, schemes, positions and ends. The different types of struggle that may originate when people of two different civilizations merge are as follows:Conflict with foremanSince the director has a more experience and bigger position it will non be good to meet struggle with the foreman. In order to avoid such a struggle it is better non to oppugn his authorization and any thoughts and positions should be presented in the signifier of suggestions.Conflict with co-workersDifferent point of position will take to conflict between employees. This can be done resolved through proper communicating.Conflicts with the subsidiariesConflicts can be grips efficaciously by one of the undermentioned ways: Each individual should be given freedom to show their positions. Conflicts can be sorted to a greater degree by placing positive minded people. Not everyone may hold a wide vision as ours. So communicating and discoursing our vision will assist maintain struggles off.DecisionThe base of any organisation depends on the policy, the values, the vision, the doctrine and ends set by the direction. These act as the drive force for the organisational civilization. Culture in a workplace determines the leading manner, the type of communicating and group kineticss within the organisation. The employees in the organisation perceive the civilization as a quality indispensable at work which has an impact on the grade of the employee ‘s motive. This ultimately affects the public presentation, personal growing and ego development which finally affect the organisation from accomplishing its ends. The above discussed constructs such as communicating, motive, civilization etc, do up merely a little portion of the theories of organisational behaviour and theory. The success of any organisation is determined by the application of the constructs of organisational behaviour in the organisation. The best manner to manage struggles in a workplace is to turn to them through treatments and arguments. Conflict can hold a positive consequence within the organisation if it is addressed efficaciously. A successful director is one who takes clip to turn to and cover with the struggle. This in bend will take to a healthy and diverse work environment.

Apple Case Study Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Apple Case Study - Coursework Example The paper tells that it would appear that Apple segments its business into business units on a geographic, rather than product bases, in addition to the four geographic business units, the company treats the retail business as a separate business unit. Each business unit reports sales and profitability from all product and operational categories within the region, with the exclusion of retail operations which fall under a separate SBU. In analysing Apple’s strategy, subsequent sections of the report will refer to the European SBU where appropriate. The financial performance of Apple’s European SBU would seem to be quite impressive in light of the economic events taking place during the period. Europe represents Apple’s second largest market by sales volume as the Americas division. Sale have risen from $9,233m in 2008 to $18,692 in 2010, a rate of growth of over 102%. Profit during the period has similarly increased from $3,022m in 2008 to $7,524m in 2010, an inc rease of 149% suggesting that profitability is increasing at a greater rate in proportion to sales. As such, this suggests that Apple’s European SBU has effectively kept expenses under control and is beginning to benefit from various economies of scale as sales increase . An interesting aspect of Apple’s capital structure is that the company reported to have no long term debt financing in the period 2006 to 2010. As such the company is wholly financed through equity. ... Key Ratios Ratio Apple Sony Samsung GP Margin 33.17% -2.95% 26.00% NP Margin 14.22% -1.28% 7.40% EPS 4.04 -98.95 29.98 Current Ratio 2.01 0.95 1.52 Acid Test 1.96 0.74 1.23 Debt to Equity 0.57 1.68 0.09 ROCE 14.09% -1.21% 12.28% 1.2 Marketing Analysis The following analysis of Apple’s marketing has been conducted using the standard 4p’s approach to the analysis of the marketing mix4: Price – Traditionally Apple has followed a premium pricing strategy often attempting to appeal to the early adopters in the field of interest. This has been especially true in the computer product segment. Product – While Apple has consistently brought new and innovative products to the market, the main features and benefits sold to computer is that Apple products are simple and easy to use, a marketing strategy which has helped Apple to a appeal to a wide audience. Place – Apple products are distributed through a wide range of retailers in the European SBU including hi gh street electronics retailers, major supermarkets and online sources such as Amazon. A key strategy however has also been the setting up of Apple’s own retail SBU which operates a number of stores within the European market dedicated to Apple products. Promotion – Apple makes use of a standard array of mass media advertising techniques including television advertising, targeted print media advertising as well as viral and other online advertising techniques. Overall, the marketing activities of Apple in the European SBU may be seen as aimed to create a product mix which is aimed at the mass luxury market. The product is appealing to those with higher levels of disposable income yet not so high as to be

The Napoleon Bonaparte Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Napoleon Bonaparte - Term Paper Example This military uniform, or popularly called the ‘Marengo uniform’, is presently a valuable piece of Paris’s Musà ©e des Invalides (O’Brien 2006). The saber held by Napoleon is also kept by the Invalides. The sabre and the uniform were specially asked for by Jacques-Louis David (Bietoletti 2009). This depiction of the successful Marengo general was in the collected works of the eldest brother of Napoleon, Joseph Bonaparte. When in 1814 the Empire collapsed, he transferred to the United States and his remarkable anthology was dispatched to New Jersey, where he lived (Bietoletti 2009). Andrea Appiani was the official painter of Napoleon in Italy. He applauded the successes of the Emperor in a series of sheets in Milan’s Palazzo Reale (Cronin 1972). As the number of themes increased, his pictographic expression became more and more complicated. He employed strong chiaroscuro effects in the Caravaggio form (Cronin 1972). The King of Italy, in this wall painting, hailed by the Victories and by the Eagle, is enthroned by the Hours (Bordes 2007). This essay will analyze and discuss Appiani’s visual rendering of Napoleon in the context of history painting. If the coronation is a bird’s eye view of the intellectual mayhem of the Napoleonic cosmos, Appiani’s painting celebrating the enthronement looks like the expected preference with which to answer the major question of this essay: how to depict Napoleon in an artistic way, within the wide-ranging terms of the political representation disorder? Appiani tested a variety of answers to the abovementioned question, in a planned fulfillment of the demands of his new master. For instance, Napoleon disliked all of the answers, discarding entirely, another of Appiani’s regal works of art (Bordes 2007). The reactions of Napoleon, interpreted as aesthetic opinions (O’Brien 2006), fully validate the idea that his artists were not best positioned in the area

Madeleine-Leininger Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Madeleine-Leininger - Assignment Example She highlighted that the theory had its basis on comparative culture care. The document also describes the ethnonursing research method that Leininger developed when developing her theory. In addition, models and enablers used in the ethnonursing research method are also described in depth. From this document, it becomes evident that the numerous factors, which can be categorized as both diverse and universal cultural factors that influence nursing care. From the document, the strengths of the ethnonursing research method become evident to the reader. It is intriguing to analyze Leininger’s understanding of culture care in her effort to form the foundation of transcultural nursing. All the definitions and concepts used in her theory are well explained in this overview document. A close analysis of the document helped me understand the different constructs that define the culture care theory. I also realized that transcultural nursing was the field developed by Leininger after describing her theory successfully (Madeleine-Leininger.com, 2014). This field utilizes both cultural differences and similarities in an effort to provide assistance that matches the needs of people from different cultures. The context under which Leininger developed her theory is also given attention in the document (Leininger, 2008). Doctor Madeleine Leininger calls her theory Culture Care Diversity and Universality as highlighted in the info-facts section. It is identified as the only theory that focuses on transcultural nursing (Leininger, 2008). After reading the info-facts section, I had the impression that Dr. Leininger is an experienced professional in the nursing field. She had conducted wide research in an effort to develop her theory. She has been recognized for her efforts in launching the transcultural nursing field. Notably, she is the author of 28 books, more than 300 articles, and about 60 chapters. This makes it evident that she is a resourceful

Magical Realism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Magical Realism - Essay Example Kate states that â€Å"Knowing that Mrs. Mallard was afflicted with a heart trouble, great care was taken to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Chopin par 1). The phrase afflicted with a heart trouble suggests that Mrs. Ballard had heart problems. From the story, Josephine (Mrs. Mallard sister) had to break the news in a manner that could not affect her sister. Mr. Mallard is said to have died in a railroad disaster. Kate writes â€Å"†¦newspaper office when the intelligence of the railroad disaster was received, with Brently Mallard’s name leading the list of â€Å"killed.† (Chopin 1). This message is conveyed to Mrs. Mallard by Richards (friend of Mrs. Mallard husband) through her sister Josephine. Richards takes time and confirms that Mr. Ballard is dead through a second telegram. Mrs. Ballard weeps for her husband in front of Josephine and Richards and immediately she goes into her room. The setting and the events that happen in the room can be described as living in the world of fantasies. Mrs. Ballard is cushioned into emotions that almost take her way before she is interrupted by her sister. She sees a thing coming to possess her and tries to fight it back but all in vain. It overwhelms her and she declares she is free. Free can have many meanings but at this instance, it is like Mrs. Ballard knew death was approaching her by the hour. To support this assertion, Kate states â€Å"She knew that she would weep again when she saw the kind, tender hands folded in death; the face that had never looked save with love upon her, fixed and gray and dead. †¦ of years to come that would belong to her absolutely† (Chopin 1). From this statement, Mrs. Ballard knew the hour of her death was approaching and she had foreseen what would happen and welcomes it with open arms. She even makes a prayer that life would be longer. Such a scenario explains clearly the fate o f Mrs. Ballard. Her room and the setting of the furniture and the window give some clue as

Early Phase and Development of Airbus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Early Phase and Development of Airbus - Essay Example The name Airbus was taken from a generic term used by the Airline industry. One of the other reasons for choosing the name was the linguistic acceptance of the name to the French. Initially, the stakeholdership of the company was distributed between a number of players. Aerospatiale had 36.5% of the controlling stake in the company, whereas Deutsche Airbus also had a 36.5% share in the company. This pattern was evident in the company due to the multifarious origin. The other stakeholders were Hawker Siddeley with 20% and Fokker-VFW with 7%. A major change came in the year 1979 when the British Aerospace acquired 20% stake in the company   The A-300 was the first Commercial Airline to come out of its stable. The work of the development of each of parts was given to separate countries (that, in turn, is routed to the various companies in the consortium). Initially, the sales of the aircraft were extremely slow, but later the sales of the aircraft picked up considerably. This was mainly due to the development of subsequent superior models of Aircraft as well as the innovative marketing strategies used by the company   The fact the Airbus was a consortium a number of companies were working against it. The group companies were not ready to divulge information on the technical breakthroughs. The attempt on the part of the companies to maximize the prices on the transfer of the sub-assembled parts had detrimental effects on the financial fortunes of the company. Secondly, the Company was in a stage where it was developing a large number of new aircraft to fend away competition from the other players as well as to augment market share. In the early half of 1990, a lot of steps were taken on an executive level to merge the various entities of the various companies to ensure a smoother environment for the purpose of decision making (Matthew, 1997).

About myself Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

About myself - Essay Example I have an inner steering ambition and drive towards professional excellence in this career as I always envied being at the focal point to dictate a trend. I meet my marketing targets within stipulated timelines. Others see me as a quiet individual since I never get involved in verbal exchanges with them. I like analyzing circumstances and scenarios before commenting or giving inputs about them. I am a social individual with an inner unique ability of trusting others. My inputs towards assisting colleagues immediately after completing my tasks help them in rating me as a good partner. I entrust the members I work with, with all the tasks involved within the professional line. I enjoy working and coordinating groups since teamwork adds unto my knowledge and professional understanding. Sharing of ideologies within the groups enhances and increases my socialization abilities with others. An instant case proving my special abilities in socializing with colleagues is when I acted as a mediator in a conflict resolution process among colleagues. To overcome my weakness as a quiet person, I tend to engage my colleagues in innovation competitions that help to positively shift their view about me. The competition involves consultations hence the process increases my engagement with the colleagues thereby changing their perception about me. It is every individual’s dream to be successful in what he or she does. My role in the teams is coordinating and organizing marketing platforms to attract more clients. My deeper sense in research and creativity makes me critical personnel in this profession. In addition, the socialization ability helps coordinate and organize groups as a group leader to work jointly as a team for a common goal. However, my weakness is over expectations and pressure that I pile on the various group members

Public Administration and Civil Service Reform UNDP Cambodia. Case Essay

Public Administration and Civil Service Reform UNDP Cambodia. Case Study - Essay Example Most public managers profess to an attraction to good managerial performance as well as good government performance. However, if their actual conduct is examined, it will become clear that there are two opposing and distinct perspectives on public reform administration reform. Crusading and free-spirited managers are always searching for better methods, promising designs, new ideas, and innovations. They embrace, and believe in novelty. They assess what others are doing elsewhere and identify what they can adapt or copy, and are ready to take risks just to improve performance. They are so eager for change that they often fall victim to the gimmicks and fads that are often witnessed in public management without reason or rhyme. On the other hand, reactionary managers exhibit too much caution and rarely show willingness to attempt anything new. This paper will discuss the factors that hinder or facilitate public administration reform by comparing two programmes of public service reform and looking at the lessons learned from those programmes in terms of the obstacles and opportunities involved in public administration reform. Key words Public administration reform, public management, public service.... to as the National Program for Administrative Reform (NPAR), which would be the foundation upon which the whole public administration reform program would be built. UNDP Cambodia decided to directly support the NPAR, and offered help to the Council of Administrative Reform (CAR) which was aimed at: a) Strengthening the capability of the council’s secretariat in order to improve the effectiveness of national consensus building, strategic planning, donor co-ordination, policy development, and how the NPAR is managed strategically. b) Facilitating the enforcement of priority reform programs and sub-programs, and also the creation of implementation plans. c) Supporting the creation and organization of a Priority Mission Group (PMG) plan so as to improve the efficiency in public service delivery in vital areas of government administration, and also to accelerate reforms. UNDP’s assistance in public administrative reform targets not only decentralized reform enforcement, but also wholesome strategic reform organization. It identified the need to integrate both aspects more fluidly, and also learned some important lessons in the process of supporting Cambodia in its quest to improve public service. Overall, although this project was originally meant to reflect UNDP’s expertise in public administrative reforms, other donors were unwilling to cooperate (Heeks 2002, pg. 25). In addition to this, poor coordination in comparison with other reform areas resulted in weak connections to other activities, disorganized activities, and a loss of focus. Lessons Learned Strategic constituency development is vital to acquire support for and run complex systems modification processes The public administration reform program’s original design failed to recognize the CAR as the

Human Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Human Resources - Essay Example An HRD professional assumes the duty of the staff trainer or instructional designer. HRD professionals maintain the organization’s reward system to guarantee fair and equitable pay rates. Administer and design the companys reimbursement program, as well as pensions and health insurance. They report any gaps between outputs and expectations and assess workers performance. They conduct training programs, which improve employees skills and enhance their abilities to function as a group. Finally, HRD professionals evaluate training schemes and propose future options for frequent learning. They serve an extremely crucial role in the development of an organization. Their philosophy is that they need to possess numerous skills, as well as competencies, which will assist them to bring success in the organization they work in. They consider their roles to be more crucial than the actual owners of the organization who, therefore, assume the role of a leader. What I learnt about the HRD field, while conducting this interview, was that the field in extremely critical in determining the success of an organization. This is because people who function in this field are the ones responsible for creating the powerful workforce that will bring success to the company. As a child, my father crafted me in to being a leader. I was amazed of how he handled matters as the head of the family with ease. Therefore, I grew up also hoping to play a critical role in bring success to this world. Through jobs, people are able to be successful; hence, no other field would have suit me better than the HR field. This is a place where a person could shape others to becoming successful people in this world. My strengths as a HR professional are that I work diligently. It is always in me to see a task completed successfully, and after that I find myself coming up with a new task. I also opt to listen to other people’s opinions

Educational Technology in the Classroom Essay Example for Free

Educational Technology in the Classroom Essay The face of pedagogy has evolved through time with the emergence of the technological age in the 19th century. As new technologies have been developed in order to enhance and produce efficient working environments, educational institutions, especially early childhood education, have slowly adapted several technological tools in order to facilitate the teaching-learning process. Learning available technological advancements in early childhood education (ECE) and understanding how to incorporate them in the teaching process interests me because of the complex and specialized characteristic of ECE. Children are always curious about the things around them, that is why they love exploring and discovering things that are new to them. Applying technology in the classroom setting would be instrumental in teaching them many concepts that would be difficult to teach in the real-life environment. Moreover, employing technology would allow teachers to design challenging instructional materials that may be easily accessed by children. Synopsis One Buckleitner, W. (2000). â€Å"Techno Tools for Assessment. † Teaching with Technology. ProQuest Education Journals. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from ProQuest LLC. Website: http://proquest. umi. com. ezproxy. aut. ac. nz/pqdweb? index=4sid=2srchmode=1vinst=PRODfmt=6startpage=-1clientid=7961vname=PQDRQT=309did=62927618scaling=FULLts=1207829807vtype=PQDrqt=309TS=1207829837clientId=7961 (1) This article emphasizes the importance of technology in tracking and monitoring the growth and progress of children within the educational institution. It asserts that making use of technology allows the teacher to properly document the developments of each child, with the use of pictures and videos for instance, in order to involve and show the parents each milestone that their children accomplish in the school. Technology is also relevant during the assessment phase. The author continues to list several technological tools that from the lowest priced to the highly expensive, while still remaining important in assessing the developments within each child. Cameras, whether disposable, Polaroid, or digital, as well as digital video cameras, are useful in documenting the activities that children get involved in within the school. This would help in showing the parents how their children have grown from day one until the end of classroom instruction. Cassette recorders may be used to record sounds, such as songs, poems, and sounds learned throughout the year, in order to know what new knowledge they have learned regarding sound reproduction and music. Scanners may be used to keep records of pictures and artworks that children have made all throughout the year. This would help in assessing the creativity of each child. Communication with the parents at home may be facilitated by establishing an online website where the teacher and the parents may contact each other. Moreover, online websites may be used to send newsletters and other information that are in a need-to-know basis for the parents. (2) This article is important for teachers who want to learn about simple and affordable technologies to use in the classroom setting. Cameras, video cameras, scanners, sound recorders, and online websites, are simple devices that teachers can easily use. Moreover, assessment and evaluation has gone up a higher level with the options of using technologies, as well as in involving the parents with the education of their child. (3) The technological gadgets suggested by the author benefits the learner, although they do not get to explore and manipulate each gadget, because it focuses on the assessment phase of learning which assists in the identification of needs, demands and follow-throughs of children. Moreover, parents get involved in the education of their children, allowing them to know how they can assist in teaching their children more at home. (4) These technologies may be implemented by providing sound recorders for each student from the beginning of the class and let them record sounds that they have never learned before. During activities, which bring out their skills and abilities, the teacher should be able to take pictures and videos for documentation. Paper works done by the students should all be scanned accordingly for records sake and assessment in the future. At the end of the teaching instruction, the online website should be put up in the World Wide Web, and communicated to the parents in order for them to gain access to the website and start communicating with the teacher whenever possible. Synopsis Two Scoter, J. V. , Ellis, D. , Railsback, J. (2001). â€Å"Technology in Early Childhood Education. † Northwest Regional Educational Technology. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from NETC. Website: http://www. netc. org/earlyconnections/byrequest. pdf (1) The research study has explored the pros and cons of the employment of technology to early childhood education. The argument lies on the capacity of technological tools to provide for the basic needs of children, including their physical, social, emotional, mental, and language development needs. However, researchers could not deny the contributions that technology will make for facilitating teaching and learning for early childhood education. These contributions being teaching children how to learn by autonomy, wherein they learn by doing things by themselves, and the visualization of difficult concepts to teach and for children to grasp. The different developmental stages in early childhood education are also discussed in order to identify the goals and needs of children in each stage. The author continues to discuss several technologies to accomplish these goals and needs. The computer is the most important technological tool that should be used in early childhood education. Moreover, several softwares are available for computers, such as softwares that may be used in constructing examinations, drills, and practice tests. (2) The information in this article is important for teachers who wants to understand the benefits and advantages of technological tools within the classroom. This would assist them in making evenhanded decisions on whether to employ technological use for classroom instruction. Moreover, teachers who want to utilize technology within the classroom setting are informed of the goals and objectives of each child developmental stage in order to design technologies that are able to meet these goals and objectives. (3) The technology discussed in the article, such as the computer and software programs benefit the learner because of wide-range activities that it can develop for learners, such as drills and tests. This would allow teachers to produce numerous automated exams that would help students widen their knowledge and exercise their minds in order to retain information learned throughout classroom instruction. Moreover, computers are able to provide numerous functions such as music, videos, pictures, access to the internet, multimedia applications, language assistive technologies, etc. (4) Implementing what I read from the article takes time and careful planning. Planning should be done to lay out activities that will be suitable for particular developmental stages in children. After planning, the teacher is now ready to incorporate technologies according to the level of understanding and need of each child. This would be established by teaching children the basics of the computer and letting them handle it for better learning and understanding. Synopsis Three Wilford, S. (2007). â€Å"Tuning in to Tech. † Scholastic Early Childhood Today. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from ProQuest Education Journals. Website: http://proquest. umi. com. ezproxy. aut. ac. nz/pqdweb? index=12sid=1srchmode=1vinst=PRODfmt=6startpage=-1clientid=7961vname=PQDRQT=309did=1257130811scaling=FULLts=1207834444vtype=PQDrqt=309TS=1207834584clientId=7961 (1) The proper implementation of technology, so as to ensure positive learning outcomes, is the focus of this article. The author acknowledges the fact that technology does hold negative learning outcomes, especially to young children. In addition, the author continues to discuss the inadequacy of technologies if used improperly and minimally. Therefore, the author reveals steps or guidelines for making the most of the positive effects on learning that technologies may yield to early childhood education. These steps or guidelines include the use of clear digital images with large informative captions, images that show children who display moral values that students might learn, records of visuals and creative works done by students in the computer and student portfolios, taking videos of meaningful activities, and videos of theatrical performances done by children in order for them to imitate and gain insights about acting and being creative. (2) The article is relevant in reminding teachers on how to properly use technologies due to the fact that when these technological devices are used inadequately, then it will yield negative learning outcomes for young children. Aside from reminding teachers of this valuable information, it also provides important tips on how to maximize technology and utilize it appropriately. (3) This valuable piece of information benefits the learner in such a way that it educates the teacher. Educating teachers, especially on the proper use of technology, is significant in teaching with the use of technology properly, therefore, resulting to positive learning outcomes. (4) Implementing this piece of information in classroom instruction starts with committing such information to memory in order to remind oneself of how to use technology effectively in the classroom. Synopsis Four Hertzog, N. Klein, M. (2005). â€Å"Beyond Gaming: A Technology Explosion in Early Childhood Classrooms. † Gifted Child Today. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from ProQuest Education Journal. Website: http://proquest. umi. com. ezproxy. aut. ac. nz/pqdweb? index=43sid=1srchmode=1vinst=PRODfmt=6startpage=-1clientid=7961vname=PQDRQT=309did=872146761scaling=FULLts=1207837036vtype=PQDrqt=309TS=1207837110clientId=7961 (1) The focus of the research paper is to identify and reveal the importance of technology for the early childhood classroom and the benefits that they provide for the children. Several examples were given in order to illustrate real life situations wherein the incorporation of technology in classroom instruction was successful. UPS is an educational institution, which utilizes technology during classroom instruction. The institution attests to the positive learning outcomes that technologies yield within the children. Aside from the children, the teachers also benefit from the functions that technology provide to facilitate teaching and lighten their burden of keeping records and assessing the children’s growth and development. Moreover, technologies also enhance communication lines of the educational institution with the parents. Indeed, the children’s use of technology have gone beyond only gaming to learning valuable concepts that technology offers. (2) I think the article takes on a general approach to the study of technology as a means of facilitating learning for early childhood education. Not only does it discuss the benefits of technology on children, but also its positive effects to teachers and the parents as stakeholders who are involved with the education of young learners. Through this article, children, teachers, and parents learn to appreciate the benefits and advantages that technology provides in order to enhance the learning of their children. Moreover, other educational institutions may learn from the testimonies of UPS. (3) This article does not particularly talk about a certain technology that benefits the learner but it discusses the importance of technology in order to provide meaningful and challenging learning experiences to children. Moreover, it informs people on the importance of technology to the holistic development of children, professional career of teachers, and the involvement of parents to education. (4) The article talks about the need for educational institutions to implement technological tools itself and does not illustrate how to implement them. For educational institutions who are deciding whether to incorporate technology into their classroom instructions shall be guided by the advantages it would provide for learners, teachers and parents. Thus, encouraging them to implement technology when possible in order to promote quality learning. Bibliography Buckleitner, W. (2000). â€Å"Techno Tools for Assessment. † Teaching with Technology. ProQuest Education Journals. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from ProQuest LLC. Website: http://proquest. umi. com. ezproxy. aut. ac. nz/pqdweb? index=4sid=2srchmode=1vinst=PRODfmt=6startpage=-1clientid=7961vname=PQDRQT=309did=62927618scaling=FULLts=1207829807vtype=PQDrqt=309TS=1207829837clientId=7961 Hertzog, N. Klein, M. (2005). â€Å"Beyond Gaming: A Technology Explosion in Early Childhood Classrooms. † Gifted Child Today. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from ProQuest Education Journal. Website: http://proquest. umi. com. ezproxy. aut. ac. nz/pqdweb? index=43sid=1srchmode=1vinst=PRODfmt=6startpage=-1clientid=7961vname=PQDRQT=309did=872146761scaling=FULLts=1207837036vtype=PQDrqt=309TS=1207837110clientId=7961 Scoter, J. V. , Ellis, D. , Railsback, J. (2001). Technology in Early Childhood Education. Northwest Regional Educational Technology. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from NETC. Website: http://www. netc. org/earlyconnections/byrequest. pdf Wilford, S. (2007). â€Å"Tuning in to Tech. † Scholastic Early Childhood Today. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from ProQuest Education Journals. Website: http://proquest. umi. com. ezproxy. aut. ac. nz/pqdweb? index=12sid=1srchmode=1vinst=PRODfmt=6startpage=-1clientid=7961vname=PQDRQT=309did=1257130811scaling=FULLts=1207834444vtype=PQDrqt=309TS=1207834584clientId=7961

12 Angry Men | Appeal To Pity

12 Angry Men | Appeal To Pity Juror eight used Appeal to pity fallacy which was the most powerful fallacy in the film 12 Angry Men. If we want to see which of the fallacies in the film is used most effectively, we have to take a closer look at which juror did the best job. Twelve jurors gathered in a hot court room to decide if an 18-year- old young man, who had been accused of killing his father, was guilty or not. At first, eleven jurors voted for guilty and one for not guilty. Obviously, eleven jurors, who voted for guilty, had come to vote in a few minutes and go back home, but it was juror eight who convinced other jurors to change their vote. Even though 11 jurors voted for guilty, juror 8 proposed an Appeal to pity fallacy, which was used most effectively, and helped other jurors to investigate the events step by step, and convinced them to vote for not guilty. Juror eight used Appeal to pity fallacy in an effective way. He proposed the first fallacy of the film. He did not claim that the boy was not guilty in a straight way, but when he proposed an Appeal to pity fallacy, it became clear that he wanted to find a reason to convince other jurors that the boy was not guilty. As a result, when juror three asked him if he really thought the boy was innocent, Juror eight said that he did not know. After that, he explained that the boy was not guilty because he was an 18-year- old boy with a miserable past. In juror eights opinion, the boy was too young to kill his father. This is an appeal to pity fallacy because the boys age and miserable life have nothing to do with his conviction. There is an important point here. This fallacy is a positive form of an Appeal to pity fallacy because when juror eight talked about the boys past, other jurors started to think about the events and try to look at the problem in a different way. As if they did not k now anything about investigation at all, and juror eights fallacy gave them an idea to analyze all testimonies which they had heard in main court room. Moreover, he never showed any bad or rude behavior to other jurors. He was always polite. Along with these good behaviors, he was very smart. For example, before the court appointment, he had gone to investigate the neighborhood of the house. This is a kind of smart approach because it revealed an important point about switch-knife. Moreover, even though there was no advance equipment in their hot room, juror eight asked for the diagram of the building and gave an idea to other jurors to measure the time intervals of events with simple and inaccurate tools. At first, other jurors did not accept, but when they heard juror eights smart descriptions, they changed their mind. Because of juror eights smart arrangement, other jurors saw the results and add their own analysis. For example, juror nine explained about the dragging leg of the old man who testified in the court. Then, juror two talked about the stabbing angle of switch knife. After that, it was juror four who described the mechanism of the switch-knife. At last, when all pieces of the puzzle were founded, they changed their vote for not guilty. As a result, Appeal to pity, which was juror eights fallacy, was the most effective fallacy in the film. It changed the situation in favor of accused boy, and saved his life. Calm behavior and effective fallacy of Juror eight convinced juror three. Juror three was the most aggressive opponent, but juror eight finally managed to persuade him to change his vote. This is an important point because juror three never wanted to change his vote. As a result, comparing to other jurors, I was very hard for juror eight to convince juror three. If we take a closer look at juror eight and juror three and compare their behavior, we may see how well juror eight did and how effective juror eights fallacy was. During the meeting, by convincing jurors one by one, the fallacy of juror eight became more and more effective, and the juror three became more and more aggressive. In other words, when juror three saw how other jurors were convicted by juror eights smart approaches, he became more aggressive. For example, after taking preliminary vote, when Juror three talked about the facts and the neighborhood womans testimony, he seemed a very strong and logical jury, but when juror eight proposed his fallacy, juror three became nervous and attacked to juror eight and threatened him. In contrast, Juror eight did not pay any attention to juror threes aggressive behavior and convinced other jurors one by one. When juror three saw that juror eights effusive reasoning convinced others, he said he did not care. He continued his opposition and talked about his argument with his son to prove that he was right. After that, when Juror eight found out that juror eight had a bias against the accused boy, he continued his work more calmly. The calm behavior of juror eight was not tolerable for juror three. As a result, juror three become more aggressive. He revealed his main reason of opposition and showed the photo of his son. Here is an important point. Actually, this was juror threes turning point because when he tried to show the photo, he felt his valet. He was very nervous. The level of his anger showed that in response to juror eights effective fallacy, he had nothing to say. In my opinion, the calm behavior of juror eight was one of the important reasons which made juror three angry, and persuaded him to change his mind. For example, juror eight was very smart and knew that the anxiety of the juror three was based on his past. Moreover, in the middle of meeting, we may see that the argument of juror eight became more personal because he claimed that if he were the executor, he would pull the execution switch. Again, this was juror eight who did better job because his smart behavior obliged juror three to play his last card and reveal the photo of his son. At last, when other jurors left him alone, he torn the photo of his son and acknowledged that it was his whole reason. This is one of the most important moments of this film. Because it shows that the fallacy of juror eight was the most effective fallacy which managed to convince the last juror. In the end of the film, we see that juror eight completed his smart approach. He did not le ft juror three alone. He was the last juror who calmed juror three and accompanied him to left the meeting room. In my opinion, Juror eights effective fallacy step by step convicted juror three to change his vote, and the calm behavior of juror eight played an important role in this procedure. In conclusion, juror eight used an appeal to peaty fallacy, which was the most powerful fallacy in the film, to convince other jurors to change their vote. Juror eight talked about the boys past live. For example, he mentioned that the boy was eighteen years old and could not kill his father. Even though they were not relevant to boys charge, helped other jurors to think over the case, and analyze the evidence step by step. Without his leadership, other jurors did not even know what to do. Most of the jurors had come to vote in two or three minutes and go home. Juror eights fallacy gave them an idea of thinking about the details. After that, we saw that other jurors started to think about events carefully, and add their own understanding to the main incident. For example, they did various measuring time tests and made a connection between the tests. Through the discussion, other jurors convinced one another and changed their vote based on juror eights fallacy. In the end of the film, juror three was the last juror who was convinced and changed his vote for not guilty. Juror three was the most aggressive opponent, but juror eights effective fallacy convinced him to change his vote. In my opinion, this film is a sample of democracy in The United States of America. Different people from different social levels try to convince each other and make a strong verdict to save someones life.it was the fallacy of juror eight which helped others to find a solution.

Social Perspectives on Witch Hunting

Social Perspectives on Witch Hunting The Case that the witch-hunt was a woman-hunt is a strong one (Larner) discuss? The witch-hunts across Europe saw the mass slaughter of nine million women who were thought to be witches. These women were killed over a period of three hundred years, with the most concentrated killings in places such as Germany, Spain and Italy.[1] The story of witchcraft is primarily the story of women and this has caused much fascination and a certain elusiveness when approaching the subject.[2] The organised persecution of the witches began officially on December 9th 1484 when Pope Innocent VIII asked Heinrich Kramer and James Sprenger to define witchcraft, isolate the modus operandi of the witches and to standardise the trial procedures and sentencing.[3] It was as a result that Kramer and Sprenger produced a text called â€Å"Malleus Maleficarum† which would become a hugely influential text in the events of witch persecution and in these gender-specific views of witchcraft. Due to the gender-specificity that surrounds the subject of witchcraft we are confronted with id eas about women, fears about women and the place of women in society during these times. Scholars such as Carol Kerslen, Lyndal Roper and Christina Larner gradually moved gender, and to some extent sexuality, to the centre of the analysis of witchcraft, which influenced interests in artists such as Baldung, for whom gender and sexuality were critical themes.[4]Many feminists jump to conclusions of gender-specific genocide due to what they believe was a woman-hating crime. However, it is important also to focus on the socio-economic context in which these trials took place in order to make a fair judgement on the gender-specificity that is so often associated with witchcraft. The Malleus Maleficarum is often the focus of many studies into witchcraft due to its important influence during the period. This demonological treatise was written by Kramer and Sprenger, it is often used as evidence by radical feminists of the misogyny among elites, who are seen as the driving force behind the top-down persecutions of witches.[5] The title of the work itself is female-specific, with the term maleficarum translating as women evil-doers. This feminine possessive in the Latin title shows it’s focus on the female gender, if the book were to have focused on both males and females then ‘maleficarum’ would have been replaced by ‘maleficorum’.[6] Throughout the text it is women who are specifically referred to, in the book men are most often described as accomplices rather than witches themselves. When asked why there is more harmful magic found in the female sex than in the male sex Kramer answered â€Å"because of the fleshly lust, which in [women] is never satisfied.†[7] It is clear that there was a gender-bias or a gender-specificity around the notions of witchcraft, and this dominated its surrounding ideology and the main literature upon the subject. The Malleus Maleficarum was of great influence during the period, it was high Catholic theology and working catholic jurisprudence.[8] The work had been issued for creation by the Pope himself and so held great importance. In the dark ages few people could read and books were hard to come by, the printing press has only been developed 34 years previously in 1850 Germany. This meant that literacy rates and the availability of prints for those in the lower sectors of society were not still readily available or improved at this point. However, the Malleus was printed in numerous editions and had been read by almost every judge in Europe, it appeared that the Malleus Maleficarum had more currency then the bible.[9] What made this piece of literature regarding the definitions of witchcraft so influential is the power and authority it held due to its lawful reinforcement. Anyone who challenged the Malleus Maleficarum, anyone who refuted its authority or questioned its credibility on any level was guilty of heresy, a capital crime.[10] The Malleus Maleficarum was probably the most influential piece written on witchcraft, it was the most widely spread, the most lawfully and religiously backed, but it was also extremely gender-specific towards women. This literary work helped to instil a stereotype of the witch, the stereotype being woman. The definition of woman, in common with the pornographic definition, is her carnality; the essence of her character, in common with the fairy-tale definition, is her malice and avarice.[11]In fact the stereotype of a witch in Christian Europe has always been that of a woman. For example, in twelfth-century Russia the authorities in one district became so anxious about the prevalence of witchcraft that they began to round up the entire female population.[12] Ideas of female evil-doers as suggested in the title of the Malleus Maleficarum stemmed back to the religious creation of the world. A women was believed to be more carnal than a man, this carnality originated from eve’s very own creation, she was formed from a bent rib, and also caused the fall of Eden.[13] As a result, women have suffered, forever being painted with the same religious brush of being a source of evil and carnality. A witch was seen as an independent adult women who does not conform to the male idea of proper female behaviour.[14] However, it was not just female sexuality that made them evil, but also female knowledge, many feminists claim that anything that made a women something other than helpless was perceived as threatening and labelled evil.[15] Perhaps a strong case for witch-hunting being parallel to women-hunting, is the idea that women were labelled witches, and could not prove themselves innocent by any means. This meant that women were doomed to persecution because of their gender and its gender-specific associated stereotypes. Women finds herself entirely defined by her sexuality. It was believed that sexuality makes women evil, therefore virginity/chastity is glorified in women as it is the opposite of sexuality.[16] However, it is ironic that while all witchcraft comes from carnal lust which is in women insatiable – this carnal lust, this desire for sex, is what populates the world. If all women are evil-doers, if Eve is the basis for all women stereotypes then why is it that women are the exclusive holders of bearing life? Other indicators that are described in the Malleus Maleficarum also guide us to the interpretation that women were inevitably doomed to persecution. A women’s virtue is seen to be silence, and yet in a witchcraft trial, if the women remains silence she is condemned for withholding her confession, yet it she confesses then she is condemning herself.[17] There is a similar paradox in the women’s ability to bear pain, if she breaks down through pain of torture and confesses she is condemned, however if she remains strong and recovers she is condemn also. Still further, if a women weeps under torture it is interpreted as a sign of her sins and so condemns her, yet if her eyes do not weep she is condemned for witchcraft.[18] This suggests that once put to trial for partaking in witchcraft the women is entirely at the mercy of the educated men who judge, torture and condemn her, almost without escape. Feminists take this inescapability as evidence of patriarchy exerting its control over women in order to curb the perceived threat to men’s dominance that is caused through women’s allegedly rapacious sexuality.[19] It is believed that as soon as a women transitions from ‘virgin’ to ‘sexual’, there is a potential for power over a man[20], and so she becomes a symbol of demonology, of relations with the devil. Radical feminists also suggest that society believed that all women threaten male hegemony with their exclusive power to give life; and so social order depends on women conforming to male ideals of female behaviour.[21] Threats to social order, threats of women’s sexuality are usually blamed for the persecutions of women during the witch-hunts in Europe. Most of the ideas put forward as to why women posed a threat to man, and why the witch-hunts could be seen as gender-specific are put forward by feminists. First wave feminists ( su ch as the American Suffragist Matilda Joslyn Gage) asserted that nine million people were executed as witches, with old women, wise women and the priestesses of anti-Christian cults being particular targets.[22] However, second wave feminists further in their ideas of the witch-hunts, painting them as a ‘gendercide’, a female targeted death hunt. They believed that witch-hunting was an egregious example, not just of patriarchal oppression, but also of genocide and it was in fact the deliberate killing of women.[23] This deliberate killing of women is made acceptable and almost encouraged by the Malleus Maleficarum due to its emphasis on the female gender and their witchcraft qualities. However, it is important to understand that women were not just persecuted, they also acted as the accusers. Women often accused other women of witchcraft and were often the ‘chief witnesses in the courts’.[24] This suggests that while witch-hunts were related to the female g ender, they were not gender-exclusive. Women could accuse other women, and men could be persecuted. Yet, feminists disregard this evidence that goes against that misogyny of witch-hunting. Instead they believe that this line of reasoning is based on a failure to recognise that a patriarchal structure divides women, and that their livelihood is dependent on the goodwill of men.[25] Therefore, women would accuse other women, not to satisfy themselves, but to protect the livelihood of conformist women against non-conformist women, they would also do so under the pressures of their husbands and fathers. This huge split in the ideology of witch-hunting and its gender relations is caused by the lack of concrete evidence to support either side. Facts and figures from the period, from all over Europe, are at best good estimates of the real numbers of those persecuted. Figures range from thousands to millions when talking about the amount that died from persecutions, and the gender ratios are no more accurate. However, in spite of this, the evidence provided is used in the debate of gender-specificity surrounding the witch-hunts and therefore must be looked at and discussed. Figures suggest that in areas at the centre of the witch-hunt, places such as Germany, France, Switzerland and Scotland, 80% of those persecuted were females, with figures reached an estimate of 95-100% in the areas on the periphery such as England and Russia.[26] The ratio of women to men burned is variously estimated at 20 to 1 for women and 100 to 1 for men.[27] Those men who were persecuted were often the family of convicted women witches, or were in positions of civil power with political ambitions that conflicted with those of the church or monarch.[28] In fact, witchcraft which is seen as the ultimate human evil was sex-specific in just the same proportion as sanctity which is seen as the ultimate human good was sex-specific to males during the ‘sanctity epidemic’ of the later Middle Ages.[29] Most works conclude that witches were scapegoats for hostilities and tensions that had little to do with sex or gender.[30] Radical feminist writings have had a significant influence on the perceptions of witchcraft outside academia, its emphasis on witches being gender-specific to women had become a strong stereotype when one thinks of the witch-hunts. However, academic historians are dismissive of such interpretations, criticising radical feminists for their assumptions that witch-hunting was ‘woman-hunting’, their over reliance on the Malleus, their unwillingness to engage with manuscript records or witch trials and their ahistorical use of the terms misogyny and patriarchy which downplays the historical specificity of early modern culture and society.[31] Christina Larner herself is reluctant to suggest that witch-hunting was gender-specific because of this academic dismissiveness. Instead she concludes that the witch-hunts were ‘sex-related not sex-specificâ⠂¬â„¢[32] , however she strongly backs the argument that witch-hunting was still in fact women-hunting because of this relation. This leaves the distinction between sex-related and sex-specific unclear, if both inevitably lead to the assumption that the hunt was still a hunt on women. This dismissiveness between historian and feminist is causing a problem when it comes to the clarity of sex relations between women and witchcraft. The antipathy many academic historians feel towards feminism in general and radical feminism in particular can be counterproductive as it discourages them from engaging with any helpful insights feminism has to offer into the gendering of witchcraft prosecutions, particularly in relation to the analysis of patriarchy.[33] Those few historians who have seriously addressed the question of women and witchcraft only briefly discuss misogyny of the period, but focus more on the social and economic reasons for the high percentage of women that were persecuted. Ho wever, most radical feminist interpretation of witch-hunting emerged in the context of feminist’s political activism outside academia, and were thus polemically and historically inaccurate.[34] There is a huge correlation between women and witchcraft persecutions, and this is to do with the age-old stereotypes of women evildoers that stem from eve. Women were more likely to be persecuted because they were more likely to believe to be witches, had men been acting in the same way it is very much doubtful that they would have been accused to be a witch to the same majority in comparison. Therefore the witch-hunts were women-hunts in the sense that women were targeted substantially more than men, whether they were accused other women or not, they were still the distinct majority of the witch-hunts. [1] Andrea Dworkin, Our Blood : Prophecies and Discourses on Sexual Politics, ( New York : G.P Putnam Sons, 1967). [2] Carol F. Karlsen, The Devil in the Shape of a Woman, (New York : W. W. Norton Company, 1987). [3] Andrea Dworkin, Our Blood. [4] Brian P. Levack, The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America, (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2013). [5] Ibid. [6] Sister Trinity, ‘Gynocide : The Holocaust of Women’, http://passtheflamingsword.wordpress.com/2013/01/31/gynocide-the-holocaust-of-women/ [7] Brian P. Levack, The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft. [8] Andrea Dworkin, Our Blood. [9] Andrea Dworkin, Woman Hating, (New York : Penguin Group, 1974). [10] Andrea Dworkin, Our Blood. [11] Andrea Dworkin, Woman Hating. [12] Darren Oldridge, The Witchcraft Reader, (London : Routledge, 2002). [13] Andrea Dworkin, Our Blood. [14] Darren Oldridge, The Witchcraft Reader. [15] Sister Trinity, ‘Gynocide : The Holocaust of Women’. [16] Ibid. [17] Sister Prudence Allen, The concept of Woman : The early humanist reformation 1250-1500, (Cambridge: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co, 2002), [18] Ibid. [19] Brian P. Levack, The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft. [20] Sister Trinity, ‘Gynocide : The Holocaust of Women. [21] Darren Oldridge, The Witchcraft Reader. [22] Brian P. Levack, The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft. [23] Ibid. [24] Darren Oldridge, The Witchcraft Reader. [25] Ibid. [26] Darren Oldridge, The Witchcraft Reader. [27] Andrea Dworkin, Our Blood. [28] Andrea Dworkin, Woman Hating. [29] Darren Oldridge, The Witchcraft Reader. [30] Carol F. Karlsen, The Devil in the Shape of a Woman. [31] Brian P. Levack, The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft. [32] Darren Oldridge, The Witchcraft Reader. [33] Brian P. Levack, The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft. [34] Brian P. Levack, The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft.

A Lacanian Study of Motherhood in the Poems of William Wordsworth Essay

William Wordsworth was a prolific poet of the Romantic movement, perhaps best known for publishing Lyrical Ballads with friend and fellow poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge in 1798. These poems were written in what Wordsworth described as a ‘common tongue’ with a focus on themes often found in Romantic poetry, such as the pastoral, the mythical, fragmentation, heroism and satire. In Lyrical Ballads one recurring subject almost unique to Wordsworth in its passion and persistence is that of motherhood. The connection between womanhood and nature make it a frequently explored theme for many poets, such as Blake in his Songs of Innocence. However, I have chosen to focus on Wordsworth since motherhood is not only examined at great length in his poetry, but also because biographical details of his own life make analysis of his works concerning the topic all the more significant, since he had lost his own mother at the age of eight. For a topic such as motherhood, one school of critical thought likely to provide interesting observations is that of psychoanalysis. I have chosen to focus on Jacques Lacan for this essay since his theories have a greater emphasis on the use and formation of language in the individual than other key figures in his field, such as Jung or Freud. Lacan believed that when we examine literature, we do not merely analyse the characters of a text, but also the text itself as an effect of the linguistic wordplay of the unconscious. For this reason I feel that Lacan is particularly well suited to the discussion of poetry. In this essay I shall be making reference to Lacan’s analysis of The Three Orders and his account of The Mirror Stage in relation to the ego. For Lacan, the Mirror Stage is not ... ...ressing or painful situations, although we may have forgotten of origins of the compulsion. In the symbolic realm we also begin our unending search for Objet (petit) a, the lost object that must constantly be sought in order, we feel, to complete us: an unobtainable other. For Wordsworth, this Objet (petit) a appears to be the mother figure and his compulsion is to write about her from every perspective. Works Cited Bennett, Andrew, and Nicholas Royle. An introduction to literature, criticism and theory 4. ed. Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2009. Leitch, Vincent B. "Jacques Lacan." In The Norton anthology of theory and criticism. New York: Norton, 2001. Wilden, Anthony. System and structure: essays in communication and exchange. 2nd ed. London: Tavistock, 1980. Wu, Duncan. "Lyrical Ballads." In Romanticism: an anthology. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1994.

daddy :: essays research papers

Personal Essay It was a Sunday evening around 6 o'clock or so, one of the many Sunday evenings where I would cruise around with my father in the car. Though this wasn't just any ordinary Sunday sightseeing excursion with dad. We stopped at a red light, and without much enthusiasm observed the pedestrians. A woman, as she walked, fixed the white lacey gossamer slip of her dress. It dragged out of her skirt, obviously making her feel self-conscious. A short, stubby man with an overbearing gut was nonchalantly picking his nose as he ogle the lady adjusting her slip. He stared at her, as though undressing her with his eyes. I looked at my father, who was looking right back at me. We both laughed. Being only 8 years old, I was at an age where I found everything hilarious. The very fact that my father and I were looking at the same scene and probably both thinking how perverted the man seemed made me laugh hysterically. My dad continued to drive. I kept gazing at the scenery of the city, as the sun started to set and the darkness took over. Our little sightseeing trip was over, or so I thought. I was so used to the same path we went through, that when my father made an unaccustomed turn, it made me suspicious. I refrained myself from asking him where we were going because his usual reply would be, "Don't worry about it, don't ask where you're going, its where I take you okay". I had to admit it was an unfamiliar, but enchanting view. I had my window all the way down, with the reflection of the side mirror in my face. The wind blew, as the luminous setting sun mirrored back rays of light. With each reflection, I narrowly squinted my eyes and continued to marvel at this picturesque interaction of color and beauty. Being in the month of October, one can imagine the colorful setting that was before me. Beautiful, vibrantly colored decayed autumn leaves sprang from the limbs of the trees. The aroma of crispy, dried up leaves embraced my nose. These exuberant, withered leaves captivated my vision and olfactory senses, as though I had nothing else to admire. Beauties of nature that so often people, including myself, tend to ignore. Suddenly, my father stopped the car. In front of a deteriorated, run-down house, indicating abandonment. daddy :: essays research papers Personal Essay It was a Sunday evening around 6 o'clock or so, one of the many Sunday evenings where I would cruise around with my father in the car. Though this wasn't just any ordinary Sunday sightseeing excursion with dad. We stopped at a red light, and without much enthusiasm observed the pedestrians. A woman, as she walked, fixed the white lacey gossamer slip of her dress. It dragged out of her skirt, obviously making her feel self-conscious. A short, stubby man with an overbearing gut was nonchalantly picking his nose as he ogle the lady adjusting her slip. He stared at her, as though undressing her with his eyes. I looked at my father, who was looking right back at me. We both laughed. Being only 8 years old, I was at an age where I found everything hilarious. The very fact that my father and I were looking at the same scene and probably both thinking how perverted the man seemed made me laugh hysterically. My dad continued to drive. I kept gazing at the scenery of the city, as the sun started to set and the darkness took over. Our little sightseeing trip was over, or so I thought. I was so used to the same path we went through, that when my father made an unaccustomed turn, it made me suspicious. I refrained myself from asking him where we were going because his usual reply would be, "Don't worry about it, don't ask where you're going, its where I take you okay". I had to admit it was an unfamiliar, but enchanting view. I had my window all the way down, with the reflection of the side mirror in my face. The wind blew, as the luminous setting sun mirrored back rays of light. With each reflection, I narrowly squinted my eyes and continued to marvel at this picturesque interaction of color and beauty. Being in the month of October, one can imagine the colorful setting that was before me. Beautiful, vibrantly colored decayed autumn leaves sprang from the limbs of the trees. The aroma of crispy, dried up leaves embraced my nose. These exuberant, withered leaves captivated my vision and olfactory senses, as though I had nothing else to admire. Beauties of nature that so often people, including myself, tend to ignore. Suddenly, my father stopped the car. In front of a deteriorated, run-down house, indicating abandonment.

How Act 2, Scene 1 of Romeo and Juliet May Have Been Staged Essay

Open in London in 1599, William Shakespeare’s Globe theatre grew to be recognized as the most popular playhouse in the region and home to some of the greatest players in England. The King’s Men, previously the Lord Chamberlain’s Men, were a playing company for whom Shakespeare was a member of for most of his career. They frequently performed in the Globe and staged many of Shakespeare’s works. Nevertheless, the lack of stagecraft information provided from these XVI century texts has made it hard to interpret how Shakespeare originally intended his plays to be performed in the Globe. In particular, the famous tragedy of Romeo and Juliet suggests that there are many alternative staging options for each scene. However, from a close reading of the play-text as a manual for performance, it is possible to describe how the play may have been staged, specifically in Act 2, Scene 1, by analysing elements such as the acting measures, the costume d esign and the stage setting. To commence, in the Elizabethan and Jacobean period, there were many important rules in regards to acting that players had to consider when performing in the Globe theatre. When Shakespeare wrote his plays, he included as many female characters as he did male characters. Nonetheless, the traditions and values of the Renaissance did not allow women to act or become actors, due to the fact that it was considered immoral for a woman to be on stage. At the time, they had no social status other than their association with their husbands or fathers. Moreover, actors were considered to have a low social status, thus it was considered improper and socially unacceptable for a woman to become a performer. Instead of editing all of Shakespeare’s texts to adher... ...e theatre’s unique structure. Works Cited Adams Novak, Elaine. Staging Shakespearean Theatre. Cincinnati: Betterway Books, 2000. Print. Hodges, C. Walters. The Globe Restored: A Study of the Elizabethan Theatre. London: Oxford University Press, 1968. Print. Leed, Drea. â€Å"Elizabethan Make-up.† Elizabethan Costuming Page. 2010. Web. 10 December 2013. Smith, Irwin. Shakespeare’s Globe Playhouse. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1956. Print. Staging Shakespeare. Seminars on Production Problems. New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1990. Print. The Arden Shakespeare. Shakespeare’s Theatres and the Effects of Performance. London: Arden Shakespeare, 2013. Print. The Oxford Shakespeare. Romeo and Juliet. New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 2000. Print. The Signet Classic Shakespeare. Hamlet. New York: New American Library, 1998. Print.

Gender Differences in Discourse Essay

The ability to communicate with our fellow human beings makes us distinct from other living beings. The chapter has made it very clear that speaking is not conversation. Conversation is a collaborative effort by both the speaker and the listener. Our success much depends on how well we can interact with people around us. It much depends upon understanding certain factors called ‘social dynamics’ in conversation. In the essay â€Å"Women Talk Too Much† Janet Holmes makes it very clear that it is a wrong notion to think that women talk more than men. She says it is an assumption based on stereotypes. On the other hand, she says that it is men who talk more. There is no proof to say that men are biologically programmed to talk more than women. It is just the social conditions that promoted the wrong notion that boys are more active than girls and they talk more. She says it is entirely disagreeable. I find quite interesting to know that it is boys who interact more in the class rooms than the girls. Then, the author claims, how it can be said that women talk more than men In the second essay of the chapter, Tony Kornheiser makes a distinction in the communication style of women and that of men. He feels that women are very particular about everything and they have more to say than men have. He makes a point saying that women do not think life is as simple as men believe it to be. A conversation that turns into a lecture is definitely boring as Deborah Tannen points out in the essay â€Å"I’ll Explain It to You†. The most frustrating experience for anyone is when a conversation turns into a lecture. I feel it is not only boring to women but also equally tedious to men. There has been much literature on gender biased language and there is a gradual change in the use of language to sound neutral. Ronald Macaulay also agrees with Janet Holmes and says that many of the notions are myth and they have no validity scientifically speaking. It is rather social conditioning that has played a key role in imparting opinions that have no basis. Clive Thompson’s essay on how computer software can identify accurately whether the writer is a man or woman is quite interesting, His questions the many of the commonly held ideas about the differences between the two sexes. (407 words) Chapter6: Media Speak. What we know about the world is from media only. Our perception of the world is influenced by the media which presents it. The billions of dollars spent on TV ads clearly indicate the power that the media enjoys. Undoubtedly, the advertisements that come on television and newspapers and magazines have tremendous influence on us. Within a span of a century there is a great change in the media. Now the world is increasingly dependent on oral media where as it was mostly written word in the beginning of the last century. With the aim of reaching more number of audiences, the quality of language used in TV news and shows has become very low. Neil Postman and Steve Powers, rightly point out that the dependence on the image has made a great shift in news making. The highly quality visuals have replaced good language with low level popular language. They argue that it is not just language but also our views and opinions about the world are getting corrupted. The general saying is â€Å"a picture is worth a thousand words† but in the present days when news is re-created or re-presented, it is equally true to say that â€Å"one word is worth a thousand pictures. † There is little doubt that the language used by the media is aimed at creating sensations to attract more audience. Then, I do believe that it is not exactly what happened i. e. news. The article ‘All the World in Pictures’ is very interesting and thought provoking. It has clearly explained how the language is used in mass media. It is aptly said that ‘Advertising is the driving force of consumer economy’. The world is filled with advertisements. Wherever there are people, there are advertisements. They appeal to all our weakness creating a world of fancy with eternal youth, power, enriched beauty, immediate happiness, and fulfillment of our inner needs. I feel the use of language in creating such emotional appeals is quite amazing. Advertising plays much on the psychology of people. A small fifteen second ad can effectively tempt the people appealing to their emotions by making fantastic appeals and promises. The article â€Å"With these Words, I can Sell You Anything† is very enlightening. It has made it clear how they twist the language to send their message effectively. It is a finely engineered language that creates strong images on the minds of audience. I have found it very exciting to know the how the advertisers play on the people with their language. (419 words) Chapter7: Censorship and Free Speech Freedom of speech is fundamental to American democracy. It enables every American to freely express his ideas, opinions and beliefs. Any limits to the freedom of speech are seen as a threat to the rights of Americans. It is interesting to note that the discussion lays emphasis on the equality in enjoying one’s rights. No man or woman has the right to hurt the feelings or sentiments of others. It is by respecting others rights that we can enjoy our rights well. The censorship is against the rights given in the constitution. However, it is required in some areas. The censorship and books, biased language and hate speech and certain limits on campus speech have lead to interesting debate. The first amendment has not only given the right to express ideas freely but it also has given the right to know others’ ideas. The censorship on books has been a much debated issue with different opinions. It is beyond my understanding why some books are banned totally and some are censored. When a book raises questions that lead to controversy and debate, it will help people to know what exactly the truth is. Banning is not the solution for it. The controversy over Harry Potter books, which have attracted millions of children all over the world, seems pointless. Censorship on books is dangerous as it blocks all new creative and original ideas. Censorship on biased language and hate speech is quite useful as it raises many questions in the practical use of language. It is very difficult and almost impossible to classify what makes a hate speech and biased language. I feel it is highly impossible to make a law in the absence of any valid principles regarding what comes under biased language and hate speech. Sometimes, the words may be good but the tone in which they are delivered could be full of hatred. Censorship on free speech on the campus has some good in it, as it reduces misunderstanding among the students who come different parts of the world. The campus is a place where tolerance is mostly needed. The rules prohibiting certain speech acts is good for the minority students. But it does not guarantee that no racist speech is ever heard on the campuses. (378 words) Chapter -8 The English Language Debate The debate whether English should be made official language of the US or not, is very interesting bringing out valid arguments on both the sides. The United States, the nation of immigrants, respects cultural differences of people coming from different countries. Respecting other languages, the US has not declared English as the official language. I find it very great quality of the American people for their respect other cultures. It shows their multi cultural tolerance and national unity. The unity of American people has come more from their like mindedness in political and social values and self respect than from having one language. The discussion on what is Standard English has made it clear how different forces work on language. Robert MacNeil has explored well what makes American English and what exactly it is. The argument for Standard English has its own merits with clear focus on clarity in thinking and what we are saying. It argues for care and caution in the use of language as it is central for identifying an individual. If a person neglects his language and uses it causally, it will not help him or her in the long run. As the author has rightly put it â€Å"casualization† everything in culture has led to casual attitude to language use as well. The ‘growing informality’ of language is one of the major concerns of linguists. The scholars and grammarians who prescribe rules on how language should be used are rightly called â€Å"Prescriptivists. † Especially, John Simon, who is called the Prince of Prescriptivists, holds the view that the present day language is poor, unhealthy and hopeless. He represents those who argue for perfect use of language as it helps you to communicate clearly what you are. It is with the use of language only that a person can show his distinction. If the distinction is lost, he or she will be among many who can not say clearly what they mean. It becomes a serious challenge. I feel there should be certain principles which can not be sacrificed in the use of language. The â€Å"Descriptivists†, on the other hand, just describe how the language is used by people. They do not dictate any rules regarding how English should be used. They are permissive and tolerate the new expressions and the informality in expressions. They argue that a language is called a living language only when it is spoken. When it is spoken it is natural to have changes in the language as no two people can pronounce the same word in the same way. They are free to allow new words into English as change the law of life and of language. It shows tolerance towards people who speak the same language with some regional differences. There are many examples when the language of the Black people is accepted by the grammarians and included in the dictionaries. It helps the language to grow and reflect the present day culture. The fears about what will happen to American English seem justified, but nobody can stop the changes that take place in society. I feel the changes in English are an indication of changes in society, and language is just reflecting the same. (534 words)